Consequently, distorted sound perception occurs. This conductive hearing loss may lead to sensory deprivation and inconstant acoustic stimulation of the central auditory system. OM causes conductive hearing loss and is usually seen in early childhood, which is the critical period of maturation of the central auditory system. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy, ingestion of lead in early childhood, and otitis media (OM) with effusion before the age of 2 years have also been found to cause APD. Neurological disorders, abnormalities, or damage that affect the areas of the brain responsible for auditory processing could also possibly cause APD. Inefficient interhemispheric information transfer and imprecise neural synchrony have been suggested as possible causes of APD. While some causes of APD have been theorized, there is limited literature available to provide definitive evidence. The cause of APD remains unidentified in most children diagnosed with the disorder. In terms of gender, the male-to-female ratio of APD has been reported to be about 2:1. However, it should be noted that the rates of prevalence can vary based on the diagnostic criteria being used, as demonstrated by Wilson and Arnott, who estimated the prevalence of APD as 7.3% when they used the strictest criteria and 96% with the most lenient criteria. Further, studies have estimated that APD affects approximately 0.5–1% of the general population and 1. Studies have reported the prevalence of APD to be about 2–3% among children and up to 70% among older adults. The final search for this review was conducted in April 2023.ĪPD, which can affect both children and adults, can negatively impact several areas of life. Accordingly, this narrative review provides the prevalence and etiologies of APD, its correlated disorders, screening and diagnosis of APD, interpretation of tests, and management strategies, including the existence of Arabic testing materials and treatment approaches.įor this review, the author searched primary, secondary, and tertiary literature using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: auditory processing disorder or APD and prevalence, etiology, screening, diagnosis, or management. Therefore, improving awareness and understanding of APD, particularly among audiologists, speech-language pathologists (SLPs), pediatricians, ear-nose-throat physicians, psychologists, teachers, and parents, are needed. Although APD is a result of the audition processes dysfunction, APD was suggested to be a result of global deficits (e.g., language deficits, memory deficits, and attention deficits).Ĭurrently, there is limited consensus regarding the exact definition of APD, diagnostic standards, or the efficacy of intervention techniques. APD is a breakdown between the hearing mechanism and the part of the brain that processes this information. Auditory processing disorder (APD) can be diagnosed in children and adults if one or more of the following auditory behaviors are affected: auditory discrimination, sound localization and lateralization, auditory pattern recognition, temporal aspects of audition, including temporal integration, temporal discrimination (e.g., temporal gap detection), temporal ordering, and temporal masking, auditory performance in competing acoustic signals (including dichotic listening), and auditory performance with degraded acoustic signals. The auditory system is divided into two systems: the peripheral auditory system, which receives and conducts the acoustic waves through the auditory nerve and the auditory pathways to the brain, and the central auditory system, which includes the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex and analyzes the acoustic stimulus. Auditory processing has been described as “what we do with what we hear,” which means how the central nervous system (CNS) uses auditory information it receives.
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